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Page 12 of 14 Fujii et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023045 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.43

Figure 12. Temperature dependence of the pseudo-Rayleigh parameters of the MLCCs with various grain sizes.

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this paper has demonstrated the temperature dependence of the extrinsic responses in both
undoped and formulated BaTiO . Knowledge of this behavior is important to understand how the materials
3
will perform in working conditions. Given that domain wall motion is thermally activated, it also depends
on temperature. The relative magnitude of the extrinsic contributions to the properties is a strong function
of the microstructure of the ceramics, especially the grain size and the existence of core-shell
microstructures; it is a much weaker function of the concentration of oxygen vacancies.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
Model MLCC samples were provided from AVX Corporation, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA, for the Center for
Dielectrics Studies at Penn State.

Authors’ contributions
The conception and design of the work: Trolier-McKinstry S
The acquisition and analysis of data: Fujii I
The interpretation of data: Fujii I, Trolier-McKinstry S
The writing and revising: Fujii I, Trolier-McKinstry S