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subsidizing and regulating training courses for tumor removal in clinical settings. The ECM represents a
previously untargeted component of CNs and may also play a role in larger tumors and malignancies
associated with NF1. Focusing on drug delivery at the cellular level will be key to understanding why some
pharmacotherapies fail, even when bulk tumor concentrations appear sufficient to elicit a predicted
response.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
The author contributed solely to the article.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Brown RM, MD, PhD, is a paid scientific advisor to Pasithea Therapeutics, which is developing a novel
MEK inhibitor PAS-004.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Written informed consent for publication of the clinical images was obtained from the patients.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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