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Author Instructions

addresses for all authors should be listed. At least one author should be designated as corresponding author. In addition,
corresponding authors are suggested to provide their Open Researcher and Contributor ID upon submission. Please note
that any change to authorship is not allowed after manuscript acceptance.

2.3.1.3 Highlights
Highlights are mandatory because they can help increase the discoverability of your article through search engines. They
consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were
used during the study (if any). They should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please
use ‘Highlights’ in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters per bullet point, including spaces).

2.3.1.4 Abstract
Original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses require structured abstracts. The abstract should provide the
context or background for the study and should state the study’s purpose, basic procedures (selection of study participants,
settings, measurements, analytical methods), main findings (giving specific effect sizes and their statistical and clinical
significance, if possible), and principal conclusions. It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or
observations, note important limitations, and not overinterpret findings. Clinical trial abstracts should include items that the
CONSORT group has identified as essential. It is not allowed to contain results which are not presented and substantiated in
the manuscript, or exaggerate the main conclusions. Citations should not be included in the abstract.

2.3.1.5 Graphical Abstract
The graphical summary is optional. It should summarize the content of the article in a concise graphical form. It is
recommended to use it because this can make online articles get more attention. The graphic abstract should be submitted
as a separate document in the online submission system. Please provide image with a resolution greater than 300 dpi.
Preferred file types: TIFF, PSD, AI, JPEG and EPS files.

2.3.1.6 Keywords
Three to eight keywords should be provided, which are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject
discipline.

2.3.2 Main Text
Manuscripts of different types are structured with different sections of content. Please refer to Types of Manuscripts to
make sure which sections should be included in the manuscripts.

2.3.2.1 Introduction
The introduction should contain background that puts the manuscript into context, allow readers to understand why the
study is important, include a brief review of key literature, and conclude with a brief statement of the overall aim of the
work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved. Relevant controversies or disagreements in the field should be
introduced as well.

2.3.2.2 Methods
Methods should contain sufficient details to allow others to fully replicate the study. New methods and protocols should be
described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described or appropriately cited. Experimental participants
selected, the drugs and chemicals used, the statistical methods taken, and the computer software used should be identified
precisely. Statistical terms, abbreviations, and all symbols used should be defined clearly. Protocol documents for clinical
trials, observational studies, and other non-laboratory investigations may be uploaded as supplementary materials.

2.3.2.3 Results and Discussion
This section should contain the findings of the study and discuss the implications of the findings in context of existing
research and highlight limitations of the study. Future research directions may also be mentioned. Results of statistical
analysis should also be included either as text or as tables or figures if appropriate. Authors should emphasize and summarize
only the most important observations. Data on all primary and secondary outcomes identified in the section Methods
should also be provided. Extra or supplementary materials and technical details can be placed in supplementary documents.
2.3.2.4 Conclusions
It should state clearly the main conclusions and include the explanation of their relevance or importance to the field.
2.3.3 Back Matter
2.3.3.1 Acknowledgments
Anyone who contributed towards the article but does not meet the criteria for authorship, including those who provided
professional writing services or materials, should be acknowledged. Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge
from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgments section. This section is not added if the author does not have anyone to

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