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Dávila et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2022;9:31 Plastic and
DOI: 10.20517/2347-9264.2021.133
Aesthetic Research

Review Open Access

Combined grafts and flaps in urethral stricture repair

1
1
2
Francisco Dávila , Tiago Rosito , Borko Stojanovic , Francisco E. Martins 3
1
Department of Urology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil.
2
Department of Urology, Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
3
Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Lisbon, CHULN, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal.
Correspondence to: Dr. Borko Stojanovic. Department of Urology, Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Surgery, School
of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Tirsova 10, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. E-mail: stojanovicborko@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Dávila F, Rosito T, Stojanovic B, Martins FE. Combined grafts and flaps in urethral stricture repair. Plast
Aesthet Res 2022;9:31. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2021.133
Received: 13 Dec 2021 First Decision: 22 Feb 2022 Revised: 1 Mar 2022 Accepted: 11 Mar 2022 Published: 20 Apr 2022

Academic Editor: Stan Monstrey Copy Editor: Tiantian Shi Production Editor: Tiantian Shi

Abstract
Although urethral strictures have been known since antiquity, the surgical management of urethral strictures has
undergone a great (re)evolution over the last six decades, both in the perception of the disease and in the surgical
repair techniques, always presenting itself as a challenge for the surgeon and patient. Reconstruction of urethral
stricture disease involving a combination of grafts and flaps consists of a group of complex procedures with
specific clinical indications. The knowledge of these procedures by reconstructive urologists is both necessary and
relevant. A thorough understanding of the anatomy, including blood supply, is a crucial proviso for the correct
evaluation and successful management of urethral stricture disease. We discuss the main techniques and
indications in combined graft and flap urethroplasties.

Keywords: Urethral stricture, urethral stenosis, genital flap, penile flap, reconstructive urology, combined urethral
surgery

INTRODUCTION
[1]
Urethral reconstruction is complex with a significant learning curve if the best outcomes are desired .
Several “principles” have been implemented and accepted to best cope with distinct surgical possibilities.
The obliterative pattern of a urethral segment involves the full circumference of the corpus spongiosum,

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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