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Author Instructions

Plagiarism involves the inclusion of large sections of unaltered or minimally altered text from an existing source without
appropriate and unambiguous attribution, and/or an attempt to misattribute original authorship regarding ideas or results,
and copying text, images, or data from another source, even from your own publications, without giving credit to the source.
As to reusing the text that is copied from another source, it must be between quotation marks and the source must be cited.
If a study’s design or the manuscript’s structure or language has been inspired by previous studies, these studies must be
cited explicitly.
If plagiarism is detected during the peer-review process, the manuscript may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after
publication, we may publish a Correction or retract the paper.
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results so that the
findings are not accurately represented in the research record.
Image files must not be manipulated or adjusted in any way that could lead to misinterpretation of the information provided
by the original image.
Irregular manipulation includes: introduction, enhancement, moving, or removing features from the original image;
grouping of images that should be presented separately, or modifying the contrast, brightness, or color balance to obscure,
eliminate, or enhance some information.
If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed during the peer-review process, we may reject the manuscript.
If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed after publication, we may publish a Correction or retract the
paper.
OAE reserves the right to contact the authors’ institution(s) to investigate possible publication misconduct if the Editors find
conclusive evidence of misconduct before or after publication. OAE has a partnership with iThenticate, which is the most
trusted similarity checker. It is used to analyze received manuscripts to avoid plagiarism to the greatest extent possible.
When plagiarism becomes evident after publication, we will retract the original publication or require modifications,
depending on the degree of plagiarism, context within the published article, and its impact on the overall integrity of the
published study. Journal Editors will act under the relevant COPE Guidelines.

4. Authorship
Authorship credit of OAE should be solely based on substantial contributions to a published study, as specified in the
following four criteria:
1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data
for the work;
2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content;
3. Final approval of the version to be published;
4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of
any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
All those who meet these criteria should be identified as authors. Authors must specify their contributions in the section
Authors’ Contributions of their manuscripts. Contributors who do not meet all the four criteria (like only involved in
acquisition of funding, general supervision of a research group, general administrative support, writing assistance, technical
editing, language editing, proofreading, etc.) should be acknowledged in the section of Acknowledgement in the manuscript
rather than being listed as authors.
If a large multiple-author group has conducted the work, the group ideally should decide who will be authors before the
work starts and confirm authors before submission. All authors of the group named as authors must meet all the four criteria
for authorship.
AI and AI-assisted technologies should not be listed as an author or co-author.
5. Reviewers Exclusions
You are welcome to exclude a limited number of researchers as potential Editors or reviewers of your manuscript. To ensure
a fair and rigorous peer review process, we ask that you keep your exclusions to a maximum of three people. If you wish
to exclude additional referees, please explain or justify your concerns—this information will be helpful for Editors when
deciding whether to honor your request.
6. Editors and Journal Staff as Authors
Editorial independence is extremely important and OAE does not interfere with editorial decisions. Editorial staff or
Editors shall not be involved in the processing their own academic work. Submissions authored by editorial staff/Editors
will be assigned to at least three independent outside reviewers. Decisions will be made by other Editorial Board members
who do not have conflict of interests with the author. Journal staffs are not involved in the processing of their own work
submitted to any OAE journals.

7. Policy of the Use of AI and AI-assisted Technologies in Scientific Writing