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dissemination of virus, bacteria, parasite or fungus, or meningitis in which natural barriers are lost .
[11]
Autophagy activation in this situation may be due to adaptive immune signalling through pattern recognition
or by secretive pro-inflammatory cytokines (for example tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) following
infections . Autophagy can go in both ways, its activation may clear the micro-organism or the micro-
[12]
organism may use autophagic activation for their benefit and survival . This immune mediated autophagic
[12]
process is highly regulated by a number of up and down regulating genes . This may be the reason why
[13]
some organisms provide different disease severity in different individuals or even in the same individual
in the subsequent infection. There are many unresolved questions - Does the different organ system have
customized autophagy operating system or have uniform operating system? How much autophagy activation
is needed for clearance of pathogens and development of protective adaptive immunity? Is it possible to
explore the survival autophagy response in adverse situation, the way saprophytic bacteria lives days to
years? The resolution of these questions may pave the way for potential new treatment.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
We thanks Mr. Shakti Kumar for secretarial help.

Authors’ contributions
Concept, literature search, manuscript preparation and review: Kalita J
Concept, manuscript review: Misra UK
Literature search, manuscript review: Kumar A

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.

Patient consent
Not applicable.

Ethics approval
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018.

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