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Special Issue Introduction:

The host immune environment bridges the microbiota and the process of many diseases. Accumulating
evidence suggests the correlation between microbiota and diseases, in which the causal relationship has
become the focus of attention. Among the candidates for the intermediaries, the host immune system takes
the essential position. The alternation of the immune system could be the reflex of the diseases. On the
other hand, the microbiota could induce the process of diseases through the host immune system. Among
the immune system, the host immune environment plays a key role in connecting the two counterparts
of microbes and the host and is also the major location for disease origination. Therefore, the immune
environment is the central connection between microbiota and the molecular mechanism of diseases.

This Special Issue welcomes submissions of full-text research articles, perspectives, reviews, meta-
analyses, or systematic reviews on all facets of microbial biomarkers for immune microenvironments
in chronic diseases. The microbial biomarkers for the immune microenvironment in chronic diseases
would promote the intervention and prognosis of human diseases. Therefore, we particularly welcome
submissions on the following topics:
● Microbiome-host interactions, special for immune modulation;
● How the microbiome act on the host immune system;
● Microbial biomarkers for host immune microenvironment in a variety of chronic diseases, like IBD,
diabetes mellitus, allergic diseases, cancers, and even chronic infections, etc.;
● Microbial biomarkers for host immune on aging-related diseases and the potential mechanism;
● The alternation of the host immune microenvironment by the microbiome in different organs;
● Microbial biomarkers used for intervention and prognosis of the diseases;
● Other aspects focus on the host immune microenvironment through the microbiome;
● Novel methodology in this field of interaction between microbiota and immune system;
● The interaction between commensals and pathogens.