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Page 8 of 15 Macpherson et al. Microbiome Res Rep 2024;3:20 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2023.66

Table 1. Categorization of the 17 available immortalized insect gut cell lines
Date Cellosaurus
Cell line name(s) Species Age at isolation Suggested cell type
published accession #(s)
[57]
BCIRL-HZ-MG8 Corn earworm Unspecified Unspecified 2003 CVCL_ZF01
moth (untested)
(Helicoverpa zea)
BPH22 Painted Nymph Stem cells 2010 [58] CVCL_A2PR
grasshopper (differentiates into goblet and
(Poekilocerus pictus) epithelial cells)
BTI-Tn-MG1, Cabbage looper Fifth instar larva Unspecified, mixed morphology 1991 [59] CVCL_Z093,
MG1-ht33, (Trichoplusia ni) CVCL_UF21,
MG1-ht35 CVCL_UF22
[60]
CT/BCIRL-SfMG- Fall armyworm Fifth instar larval stage, Unspecified, mixed morphology 2019 CVCL_UZ18,
0617-KZ, Spodoptera sixth instar larva (muscle and epithelial origin, has CVCL_C2T6,
CT/BCIRL-SfMG1- (frugiperda) residual epithelial cells) CVCL_C2T7,
0611-E7-KZ, CVCL_UZ19
CT/BCIRL-SfMG1-
0611-E8-KZ,
CT/BCIRL-SfMG1-
0611-KZ
[61]
FPMI-CF-200, Spruce budworm Adult, neonate larva Unspecified, mixed morphology 1993 CVCL_WV83,
FPMI-CF-203, moth CVCL_Z469,
FPMI-CF-204, Choristoneura CVCL_WV85,
FPMI-CF-205, (fumiferana) CVCL_WV84,
IPRI-CF-1 CVCL_Z473
[62]
HNU-Ha-MG1 Cotton bollworm Fourth instar larva Unspecified, mixed morphology 2015 CVCL_HF52
Helicoverpa
(armigera)
LSTM-AG-55 African malaria First instar larva Epithelial-type cells 1972 [63] CVCL_Z360
mosquito
Anopheles
(gambiae)
[64]
RPW-1 Red palm weevil Fifth instar larva Midgut epithelial cells 2013 CVCL_A2PS
Rhynchophorus (untested)
(ferrugineus)
[10]
Cell line characteristics were gathered from the Cellosaurus cell line catalog . All cell lines were produced through spontaneous immortalization.

Malignant neoplasms
Neoplasia has been reported in various insect tissues, including hemolymph, epithelial tissue, and neural
tissue [66-68] . Many human cell lines, including Caco-2, have been derived from a malignant neoplasm, but no
insect gut cell lines have been established using this approach. This is particularly notable, as
D. melanogaster is a model organism for the study of colon cancer due to its tractability and ease of genetic
manipulation [66,69] . Samples of insect tumors could represent an untapped goldmine of undiscovered cell
lines.

Insertion of proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes play essential roles in the normal growth and development of cells, however, they can
potentially create malignant neoplasms if excessive copies accumulate or mutations occur, creating an
oncogene . Proto-oncogenes can be introduced to cells through a method known as lipofection, which
[70]
transfects DNA using a synthetic cationic lipid complex [71,72] . Lipofection of the human C-myc proto-
oncogene into embryonic A. mellifera cells successfully produced the MYN9 cell line . Considered a
[54]
master regulator, excessive C-myc can lead to immortalization by inciting reactive oxygen species
production and promoting p53 phosphorylation, disrupting normal cell cycle function [71,73] . Another proto-
[71]
oncogene used in cell line production is ras, an important regulator of proliferation, growth, and survival .
Both the Ras[V12]-H1 and Ras[V12]-H7 D. melanogaster cell lines include mutations in the ras proto-
oncogene .
[74]