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Special Issue Introduction:

In the last years, the exploration of the human gut microbiota since the first stages of life has attracted
growing interest from the scientific community. Bifidobacteria are among the early microbial colonizers of
the human gut, originating by a proven vertical transmission route from mother to newborn. Subsequently,
colonization and establishment of bifidobacteria in the human large intestine are regulated by specific
human milk ingredients following an intriguing process of microbe-host co-evolution. In this regard, it
has been demonstrated that bifidobacteria are genetically adapted to survive and efficiently colonize the
human gut due to their remarkable saccharolytic features as well as the production of many extracellular
structures. Moreover, a rising number of investigations have shown the complex relationships of
bifidobacteria with the human host, as well as with other microbes constituting the human gut microbiota.
In this framework, the occurrence of members of the genus Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiota has
been largely associated with positive health effects on the host across all stages of life. Remarkably, the
ecological contribution of bifidobacteria as members of the human gut microbiota has been dissected in
terms of shaping the gut microbiota and re-establishment the microbiota homeostasis through cross-feeding
activities.

This Special Issue of Microbiome Research Reports will address relevant and recent information on this
topic, so to generate a comprehensive and compiled overview of the biology of the genus Bifidobacterium
and their interaction with the human gut microbiota.