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Figure 2. (A) Synopsis of PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling pathways activated in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. (B) Superimposed
nutrigenomic effects of milk signaling. Milk-induced and milk-derived hormones (insulin, GH, IGF-1, MFG-E8, and estrogens) activate
PI3K and AKT, which in turn activate mTORC1.
upregulated in PCa and controls the transcription of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and promotes bone
metastasis. Phytanic acid activates γ-secretase, which cleaves CD44 releasing CD44 intracellular domain
(CD44-ICD) that functions as a nuclear transcription factor cooperating with RUNX2. MEX-derived
miR-125b and miR-30d suppress p53, a key inducer of PTEN and negative regulator of AR. MEX-derived
miR-155 and miR-223 reduce the expression of FBXW7, thereby attenuating proteasomal degradation of
mTOR, c-MYC, and other oncogenic transcription factors. Aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFM1) as well as milk fat
