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program and other pertinent clinical considerations to maximize the impact of pharmacogenetic testing
in clinical practice [Table 1]. We comment on choosing the gene(s) and variants to test, the patient
population, available resources, and the impact of phenoconversion, organ transplant, and pregnancy
on pharmacogenetic applications. At its core, it is about the individual and how best we can optimize
therapeutic recommendations for each patient. Yet, the achievement of this goal is largely driven by a team
effort in which pharmacists play vital roles. Pharmacogenetics is not the ultimate decision maker when
it comes to making prescribing decisions. Other intrinsic and extrinsic factors should also be considered
along with the pharmacogenetic information to make an informed decision on the optimal therapeutic
regimen for each patient.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the paper: Owusu Obeng A, El Rouby N, Liu M,
and Wallsten R
Provided administrative support: Owusu Obeng A, El Rouby N
Provided technical support: Owusu Obeng A, El Rouby N, Liu M, Wallsten R
Contributed to the writing, review and final approval of the manuscript: Owusu Obeng A, El Rouby N, Liu
M, Wallsten R

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
Owusu Obeng A was partially funded under NHGRI (3U01HG008701) during the development of this
manuscript. Liu M was partially funded under NHGRI (U01HG010232) during the development of this
manuscript. Wallsten R is an employee of Sema4.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021.

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