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Cao et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2019;3:4. I https://doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2018.16 Page 9 of 12

CONCLUSION
To date, there exist numerous potential genomic biomarkers of inherited and acquired CKD. Some of
them have been utilized in clinical practice to improve diagnostic efficiency and to predict the response
to immunosuppressive therapy as well as long-term outcomes of CKD patients. However, personalized
medicine does not immediately provide a permanent solution for patient management. Further refinements
in the application of personalized medicine are required to focus on genomics and other omics. Meticulous,
large, multicenter, and cost-effective genomic studies are required to validate the potential candidates
indicated herein, and novel genomic biomarkers for CKD are awaiting identification.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceived the review: Cao JY, Liu BC
Wrote the paper: Cao JY, Zhou LT
Edited and revised manuscript: Cao JY, Zhou LT, Liu BC
Approved final version of manuscript: Liu BC

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1314000), the National
Natural Science Foundations of China (81470997, 81670696, 81720108007) and the Medical Science and
Technology Support Project of Jiangsu Province (BL2014080).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019.

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