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Hadadi et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2018;4:25 Journal of Cancer
DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2018.22 Metastasis and Treatment

Original Article Open Access

Anti-oxidation properties of leaves, skin, pulp, and
seeds extracts from green papaya and their anti-

cancer activities in breast cancer cells

Shrefa A. Hadadi , Haiwen Li , Reza Rafie , Paul Kaseloo , Sarah M. Witiak , Rafat A. Siddiqui 1
3
3
2
1,3
1
1 Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science Laboratory, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA.
2 Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806,
USA.
3 Department of Biology, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA.
Correspondence to: Dr. Rafat A. Siddiqui, Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science Laboratory, Virginia State University, Petersburg,
VA 23806, USA. E-mail: rsiddiqui@vsu.edu
How to cite this article: Hadadi SA, Li H, Rafie R, Kaseloo P, Witiak SM, Siddiqui RA. Anti-oxidation properties of leaves, skin,
pulp, and seeds extracts from green papaya and their anti-cancer activities in breast cancer cells. J Cancer Metastasis Treat
2018;4:25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2018.22
Received: 9 Mar 2018 First Decision: 10 Apr 2018 Revised: 29 Apr 2018 Accepted: 15 May 2018 Published: 30 May 2018

Science Editors: Umberto Galderisi Copy Editor: Jun-Yao Li Production Editor: Huan-Liang Wu

Abstract
Aim: Breast cancer is typically detected either during a screening examination or after a woman notices a lump. Breast
cancers have different phenotypes depending on the presence/absence of an estrogen receptor (ER) and/or an
epidermal growth factor (Her-2) receptor. The objective of the present investigation was to investigate growth inhibitory
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activity of methanol-, ethanol-, and water-extracts from papaya fruit and leaves on MDA-MB-231 (ER /Her-2 ), MCF-7
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(ER /Her-2 ), SK-BR- 3 (ER /Her-2 ) and MDA-MB-361, AU565 (ER /Her-2 ) breast cancer cells.
Methods: The anti-oxidation potential of papaya extracts was determined by assessing their total polyphenol content,
total flavonoid content and by assaying their anti-oxidation capacity. The effects on breast cancer cells proliferation
were determined using a WST-1 assay.
Results: The seeds and leaves contained higher anti-oxidation potential than that of the skin and pulp fractions. Our data
indicate that methanol- and ethanol-extracts of papaya leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds have no effect on any of the breast
cancer cell lines, whereas water-extract of leaves and seeds caused low to modest cytotoxic effects only on ER-negative
breast cancer cell lines.

Conclusion: Our data suggest that bioactive compound in papaya leaves can be potentially used to develop anti-cancer
agents for ER-negative breast cancer.

© The Author(s) 2018. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
and indicate if changes were made.

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