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Page 12 of 16 Bookland et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2019;5:33 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2018.110

Table 2. Summary of select works identifying circulating biomarkers for pediatric brain tumors
Source Marker(s) Method Tumor type Finding Ref.
CSF Type 1 collagen LC-MS/MS, RPPA, ELiSA Mixed Brain Tumors Protein signatures may discriminate [98]
iGFBP4 metastatic tumors from controls
Procollagen C-endopeptidase
enhance 1
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic
factor receptor α2
inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy
chain 4
Neural proliferation and
differentiation control protein-1
CSF H3F3A /HiSTiH313 mutations Sanger sequencing Diffuse midline Feasibility and specificity of [34]
(DNA isolation, nested glioma H3K27M detection in DNA from
PCR) of cfDNA CSF
CSF Prostaglandin D2 synthase Proteomics Medulloblastoma PGD2S ↓ [64]
MALDi-TOF/ELiSA
CSF Apolipoprotein A-ii SELDi-TOF mass Brain tumor ApoAii level ↑ [59]
spectrometry
CSF LVV Proteomics LC-MS Mixed Brain Tumors LVV-/VV-h7 ↓ in tumor patients [62]
VV-hemorphin-7
CSF c-Tau ELiSA Medulloblastoma c-Tau ↑ [99]
Ependymoma
Astrocytoma
CSF CyclophillinA Dimethyarginase 1 Proteomics, mass DiPG ↑ cCypA and DDAH1 [63]
spectrometry
CSF cfDNA Genome-wide High Grade Glioma cfDNA detected in 74% of tumor [36]
sequencing JPA patient CSF
Medulloblastoma
Ependymoma
CSF, serum Human chorionic gonadotropin Enzyme immunoassay Germinoma HCG ↑ in patients with recurrence [22]
events
CSF, plasma iGF, iGFBPs, iGFRs Microarray, RiA, western Ependymoma iGFBP-2/iGFBP-3 ↑ tumor patients [61]
Medulloblastoma
CSF, plasma Osteopontin ELiSA, qPCR Medullbolastoma Osteopontin ↑ in AT/RT recurrence [84]
AT/RT
CSF, serum AFP immunoenzyme Germinoma NGGCT ↑ AFP in serum [20]
beta-hCG ↑ bHCG in CSF
CSF, serum miR-371a-3p qRT-PCR Germ cell tumors miRNA ↑ [100]
miR-372-3p
miR-373-3p
miR-367-3p
CSF, plasma H3K27M-mutant cfDNA Digital drople PCR Diffuse midline H3K27M mutant cfDNA correlates [35]
glioma with treatment response
Blood/serum ERCC2 methylation illumina Beadchip Medulloblastoma ERCC2 promoter methylation ↑ [101]
correlates with poor prognosis
Serum Metallothionein Differential pulse Medulloblastoma ↑ in cancer patient’s serum [88]
voltametry Ependymoma
Blood/serum miRNA profile qPCR JPA ↑miR21, mir15b, [41]
miR23, miR146b correlated with
tumor mural nodule size
Serum VEGF ELiSA High grade glioma VEGF ↑ [89]
bFGF
Urine, CSF MMP-2 ELiSA JPA MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-NGAL, [94]
MMP-9 VEGF levels ↑
MMP-NGAL
VEGF
Urine bFGF ELiSA JPA bFGF, TiMP3 ↑ [93]
TiMP3 MMP-13 ↓
MMP-13
Urine Netrin-1 ELiSA Medulloblastoma Netrin-1 ↑ in metastatic [102]
medulloblastoma

CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; cfDNA: cell-free tumor DNA; iGF: insulin-like growth factor; iGFBPs: iGF binding proteins; VEGF: vascular
endothelial growth factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor