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Author Instructions

for the work;
2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content;
3. Final approval of the version to be published;
4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity
of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
All those who meet these criteria should be identified as authors. Authors must specify their contributions in the section
Authors’ Contributions of their manuscripts. Contributors who do not meet all the four criteria (like only involved in
acquisition of funding, general supervision of a research group, general administrative support, writing assistance,
technical editing, language editing, proofreading, etc.) should be acknowledged in the section of Acknowledgement in the
manuscript rather than being listed as authors.
If a large multiple-author group has conducted the work, the group ideally should decide who will be authors before the
work starts and confirm authors before submission. All authors of the group named as authors must meet all the four
criteria for authorship.
AI and AI-assisted technologies should not be listed as an author or co-author.
5. Reviewers Exclusions

You are welcome to exclude a limited number of researchers as potential Editors or reviewers of your manuscript. To
ensure a fair and rigorous peer review process, we ask that you keep your exclusions to a maximum of three people. If you
wish to exclude additional referees, please explain or justify your concerns—this information will be helpful for Editors
when deciding whether to honor your request.

6. Editors and Journal Staff as Authors

Editorial independence is extremely important and OAE does not interfere with Editorial decisions. Editorial staff or
Editors shall not be involved in processing their own academic work. Submissions authored by Editorial staff/Editors
will be assigned to at least two independent outside reviewers. Decisions will be made by the Editor-in-Chief, including
Special Issue papers. Journal staff are not involved in the processing of their own work submitted to any OAE journals.

7. Policy of the Use of AI and AI-assisted Technologies in Scientific Writing
Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies (e.g., large language models) are expected to be increasingly used to create
content. In the writing process of manuscripts, using AI and AI-assisted technologies to complete key researcher work,
such as producing scientific insights, analyzing and interpreting data or drawing scientific conclusions, is not allowed, and
they should only be used to improve the readability and language of manuscripts.
AI and AI-assisted technologies should be used under human control and supervision as they may generate incorrect or
prejudiced output, and they should not be listed as an author or co-author, nor cited as an author.
The use of AI and AI-assisted technologies should be disclosed by authors in their manuscripts, and a statement will be
required in the final publication.
OAE will keep monitoring the development and adjust the policy when necessary.

8. Conflict of Interests
OAE journals require authors to declare any possible financial and/or non-financial conflicts of interest at the end of
their manuscript and in the cover letter, as well as confirm this point when submitting their manuscript in the submission
system. If no conflicts of interest exist, authors need to state “All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest”.
We also recognize that some authors may be bound by confidentiality agreements, in which cases authors need to state “All
authors declared that they are bound by confidentiality agreements that prevent them from disclosing their competing
interests in this work”.

9. Editorial Process
9.1. Pre-Check
New submissions are initially checked by the Managing Editor from the perspectives of originality, suitability, structure
and formatting, conflicts of interest, background of authors, etc. Poorly prepared manuscripts may be rejected at this stage.
If your manuscript does not meet one or more of these requirements, we will return it for further revisions.
Once your manuscript has passed the initial check, it will be assigned to the Assistant Editor, and then the Editor-in-Chief,
or an Associate Editor in the case of a conflict of interest, will be notified of the submission and invited to review. Regarding
Special Issue paper, after passing the initial check, the manuscript will be successively assigned to the Assistant Editor, and
then to the Editor-in-Chief, or an Associate Editor in the case of conflict of interest for the Editor-in-Chief to review. The
Editor-in-Chief, or the Associate Editor may reject manuscripts that they deem highly unlikely to pass peer review without
further consultation. Once your manuscript has passed the Editorial assessment, the Associate Editor will start to organize

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