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Author Instructions

2.3.1.4 Graphical Abstract
The graphical abstract is essential as this can catch first view of your publication by readers. We recommend you submit an
eye-catching figure. It should summarize the content of the article in a concise graphical form. It is recommended to use it
because this can make online articles get more attention.
The graphical abstract should be submitted as a separate document in the online submission system. Please provide an
image with a minimum of 531 × 1,328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 cm
× 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, PSD, AI, JPEG, and EPS files.
2.3.1.5 Keywords
Three to eight keywords should be provided, which are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject
discipline.
Sections 2.3.1.1 and 2.3.1.2 should appear in all manuscript types.

2.3.2 Main Text
Manuscripts of different types are structured with different sections of content. Please refer to Types of Manuscripts to
make sure which sections should be included in the manuscripts.
2.3.2.1 Introduction
The introduction should contain background that puts the manuscript into context, allow readers to understand why the
study is important, include a brief review of key literature, and conclude with a brief statement of the overall aim of the
work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved. Relevant controversies or disagreements in the field should be
introduced as well.
2.3.2.2 Methods
The methods should contain sufficient details to allow others to fully replicate the study. New methods and protocols should
be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described or appropriately cited. Statistical terms,
abbreviations, and all symbols used should be defined clearly. Protocol documents for clinical trials, observational studies,
and other non-laboratory investigations may be uploaded as supplementary materials.

2.3.2.3 Results
This section contains the findings of the study. Results of statistical analysis should also be included either as text or as
tables or figures if appropriate. Authors should emphasize and summarize only the most important observations. Data on
all primary and secondary outcomes identified in the section Methods should also be provided. Extra or supplementary
materials and technical details can be placed in supplementary documents.

2.3.2.4 Discussion
This section should discuss the implications of the findings in context of existing research and highlight limitations of the
study. Future research directions may also be mentioned.

2.3.2.5 Conclusion
It should state clearly the main conclusions and include the explanation of their relevance or importance to the field.

2.3.3 Back Matter
The following sections should appear in all manuscript types.

2.3.3.1 Acknowledgments
Anyone who contributed towards the article but does not meet the criteria for authorship, including those who provided
professional writing services or materials, should be acknowledged. Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge
from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgments section. This section is not added if the author does not have anyone to
acknowledge.
2.3.3.2 Authors’ Contributions
Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition,
analysis, or interpretation of data, or the creation of new software used in the work, or have drafted the work or substantively
revised it.
Please use Surname and Initial of Forename to refer to an author’s contribution. For example: made substantial contributions
to conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and interpretation: Salas H, Castaneda WV; performed
data acquisition, as well as provided administrative, technical, and material support: Castillo N, Young V.
If an article is single-authored, please include “The author contributed solely to the article.” in this section.

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