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Page 10 of 15 Chen et al. Hepatoma Res 2018;4:29 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2018.18

CONCLUSION
Inflammation is one of the key factors to promote liver malignant transformation. A better understanding
of the molecular processes of inflammation-cancer transformation in the development of primary liver
cancer will be important to developing early detection for HCC and new drugs to efficiently prevent de
novo hepatocarcinogenesis. It has been shown that inflammatory microenvironment constitutes different
immune cells. Currently, overcoming antitumor immunity by immune checkpoint inhibitors represents one
[143]
of the most promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of many cancers including HCC . Some
immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 antibodies,
have recently been reported in the promising clinical trial results. The Food and Drug Administration in
United State has approved the nivolumab to be used for advanced HCC patients who fail to respond to first-
[144]
line treatment . There are still no effective chemoprevention strategies in patients at high risk for HCC
development besides the viral eradication in patients with viral hepatitis . We proposed that aspirin, a non-
[143]
steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, may emerge as a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent
for HCC . There are great opportunities to further understand inflammation-cancer transformation and
[132]
developing pharmacological strategies for preventing inflammation and HCC development and recurrence.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Drafted the outline of this review: Chen HJ, Xia HP
Drafted the manuscript: Chen HJ, Hu MH, Xu FG, Xu HJ, Xia HP
Finalized the manuscript: She JJ, Xia HP

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by grants from National Young 1000 Talents Program of China, Jiangsu Province
Education Department Grant, Southeast University-Nanjing Medical University Cooperative Research
Project, Young Talent Support Plan of Xi’an Jiaotong University and Hundred Talents Program of Shaanxi.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018.

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