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Figure 1. Treatment strategy for HCC with systemic therapies. BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; ECOG: eastern cooperative oncology
group; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein.
Finally, the achievements in the management of advanced HCC in recent years were remarkable. A clear
survival benefit has been seen with the incorporation of immunotherapy and novel targeted therapies.
Optimal sequences remain to be defined, while clinical practice should be tailored by the risk of adverse
events and the use of drugs that proved survival benefits in prospective trials [Figure 1]. Future directions
will explore how to broaden new strategies in orphan conditions and how to integrate different modalities
into HCC treatment algorithms.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conception, design, writting and critically reviewed the manuscript: Fonseca LG
Conception and critically reviewed the manuscript: Carrilho FJ
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Financial support and sponsorship
None.
Conflicts of interest
Leonardo G Fonseca: lecture fees from Bayer, BMS, AstraZeneca, Roche. Advisory Board: Bayer,
AstraZeneca and Roche. Carrilho FJ: no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
