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Wu et al. Hepatoma Res 2023;9:6 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2022.37 Page 11 of 15

Table 1. Ongoing clinical trials
Study Title Aim Interventions Locations
TACE, Sorafenib and PD-1 Monoclonal Prospective study assessing objective response rate ● Combination Product: Sichuan Cancer
Antibody in the Treatment of HCC and overall survival as primary outcomes TACE combined with Hospital and
(NCT04518852) sorafenib and PD-1 mAb Research Institute,
China
DEB-TACE Plus Lenvatinib or Sorafenib This is a prospective study aiming to investigate the ● Drug: DEB-TACE plus Guangxi Medical
or PD-1 Inhibitor for Unresectable safety and efficacy of DEB-TACE plus sorafenib or Sorafenib University Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma lenvatinib or PD-1 Inhibitor for unresectable HCC. ● Drug: DEB-TACE plus Hospital, China
(NCT04229355) Lenvatinib
● Drug: DEB-TACE plus
PD-1 inhibitor
A Novel Immunotherapy PD-1 Antibody The use of novel immunotherapy using the PD-1 ● Drug: PD-1 antibody Affiliated Tumor
to Suppress Recurrence of HCC antibody could suppress postoperative recurrence ● Procedure: TACE Hospital of Guangxi
Combined With PVTT After Hepatic and prolong HCC patients survival period effectively. Medical University,
Resection China
(NCT03914352)
IMMULAB - Immunotherapy With ● Drug: Pembrolizumab Hannover Medical
Pembrolizumab in Combination With ● Procedure: Radio School, Germany
Local Ablation in Hepatocellular Frequency Ablation (RFA)
Carcinoma (HCC) ● Procedure: Microwave
(NCT03753659) Ablation (MWA)
Autologous Immune Cell Therapy in To assess the safety of Autologous Immune Cell ● Biological: DC-TC + Shanghai, China
Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy in Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma GM-CSF
Patients Following Resection and TACE Patients Following Resection and TACE Therapy
Therapy
(NCT01828762)
Tremelimumab With To assess the safety and feasibility of combining ● Drug: Tremelimumab National Institutes of
Chemoembolization or Ablation for Tremelimumab with trans-arterial catheter ● Procedures: RFA, TACE Health Clinical
Liver Cancer chemoembolization (TACE) radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation Center, Maryland,
(NCT01853618) (RFA) or cryoablation in patients with advanced HCC USA

improved efficacy with TACE and sorafenib, which highlights the importance of timing the administration
of therapy and evaluation of tumor progression. Further studies may adopt the methods used in the
TACTICS trial to determine if there is a further significant improvement. Combining LRT and
immunotherapy works to create a synergistic boost in the existing immune response. Given
immunotherapy in HCC is relatively new, the combination of these agents with LRT is up and coming as
multiple studies are currently underway. Combined therapy is a promising direction in the treatment for
HCC and future studies are encouraged to reveal the patient population who will best benefit from these
therapies.

DECLARATIONS
Author contribution
Contributed to the conception and the design of the study, data search and manuscript writing: Wu Y
Made contributions to conception, manuscript writing, and table design: Wakil A
Performed data acquisition and manuscript writing: Solomon F
Supervised the article concept and manuscript review: Pyrsolpoulos N

Availability of Data and Materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.