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Page 14 of 19               Hewitt et al. Hepatoma Res 2021;7:75  https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2021.83

               CONCLUSION
               CCAs are a heterogeneous group of tumors with poor long-term survival. Due to the complexity of care
               required to maximize patient outcomes, diagnostic workup and management decisions should be
               performed under the guidance of an experienced multidisciplinary team. Although many CCAs present as
               unresectable tumors, aggressive surgical management performed at specialized centers utilizing appropriate
               preoperative optimizing modalities have expanded the candidates suitable for resection and led to improved
               outcomes with decreasing mortality over the last decade. Furthermore, emerging efficacious adjuvant
               therapies will contribute to extending long-term survival for patients with CCA.


               DECLARATIONS
               Authors’ contributions
               Study concept and design: Hewitt DB, Brown ZJ, Pawlik TM
               Literature research: Hewitt DB, Brown ZJ
               Drafting of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript: Hewitt DB, Brown ZJ, Pawlik TM


               Availability of data and materials
               Not applicable.


               Financial support and sponsorship
               None.


               Conflict of interest
               All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.


               Ethical approval and consent to participate
               Not applicable.

               Consent for publication
               Not applicable.

               Copyright
               © The Author(s) 2021.

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