Page 80 - Read Online

Lee et al. Hepatoma Res 2018;4:51 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2018.78 Page 15 of 18

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018.

REFERENCES
1. Schutte K, Bornschein J, Malfertheiner P. Hepatocellular carcinoma--epidemiological trends and risk factors. Dig Dis 2009;27:80-92.
2. Gosalia AJ, Martin P, Jones PD. Advances and future directions in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)
2017;13:398-410.
3. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality
worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359-86.
4. Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update.
Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.
5. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, de Oliveira AC, Santoro A, Raoul JL, Forner A. Sorafenib in advanced
hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008;359:378-90.
6. European association for the study of the liver; European organisation for research and treatment of cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical
practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;56:908-43.
7. Woo HY, Yoo SY, Heo J. New chemical treatment options in second-line hepatocellular carcinoma: what to do when sorafenib fails?
Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017;18:35-44.
8. Pardee AD, Butterfield LH. Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: unique challenges and clinical opportunities. Oncoimmunology
2012;1:48-55.
9. Miamen AG, Dong H, Roberts LR. Immunotherapeutic approaches to hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Liver Cancer 2012;1:226-37.
10. Childs RW, Carlsten M. Therapeutic approaches to enhance natural killer cell cytotoxicity against cancer: the force awakens. Nat Rev
Drug Discov 2015;14:487-98.
11. Guo Y, Han W. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells: from basic research to clinical translation. Chin J Cancer 2015;34:99-107.
12. Lim O, Jung MY, Hwang YK, Shin EC. Present and future of allogeneic natural killer cell therapy. Front Immunol 2015;6:286.
13. Zamarron BF, Chen W. Dual roles of immune cells and their factors in cancer development and progression. Int J Biol Sci 2011;7:651-8.
14. Breous E, Thimme R. Potential of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2011;54:830-4.
15. Schmidt N, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R. Cellular immune responses to hepatocellular carcinoma: lessons for immunotherapy. Dig
Dis 2012;30:483-91.
16. Chow AK, Ng L, Lam CS, Wong SK, Wan TM, Cheng NS, Yau TC, Poon RT, Pang RW. The enhanced metastatic potential of
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with sorafenib resistance. PLoS One 2013;8:e78675.
17. Lee HJ, Kim SK, Cho D, Lee JJ. Cellular immunotherapy as a beacon of hope for hematological malignancies. Blood Res 2015;50:126-8.
18. Kalinski P. Dendritic cells in immunotherapy of established cancer: roles of signals 1, 2, 3 and 4. Curr Opin Investig Drugs
2009;10:526-35.
19. Streba LA, Streba CT, Sandulescu L, Vere CC, Mitrut P, Cotoi BV, Popescu LN, Ion DA. Dendritic cells and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Rom J Morphol Embryol 2014;55:1287-93.
20. Kudo M. Immune checkpoint inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma: basics and ongoing clinical trials. Oncology 2017;92 Suppl 1:50-62.
21. Moehler M, Delic M, Goepfert K, Aust D, Grabsch HI, Halama N, Heinrich B, Julie C, Lordick F, Lutz MP, Mauer M, Alsina Maqueda M,
Schild H, Schimanski CC, Wagner AD, Roth A, Ducreux M. Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: recent results, current studies
and future perspectives. Eur J Cancer 2016;59:160-70.
22. Fife BT, Bluestone JA. Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. Immunol Rev
2008;224:166-82.
23. Fife BT, Pauken KE, Eagar TN, Obu T, Wu J, Tang Q, Azuma M, Krummel MF, Bluestone JA. Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1
promote tolerance by blocking the TCR-induced stop signal. Nat Immunol 2009;10:1185-92.
24. Calderaro J, Rousseau B, Amaddeo G, Mercey M, Charpy C, Costentin C, Luciani A, Zafrani ES, Laurent A, Azoulay D, Lafdil F,
Pawlotsky JM. Programmed death ligand 1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: relationship with clinical and pathological features.
Hepatology 2016;64:2038-46.
25. Kassel R, Cruise MW, Iezzoni JC, Taylor NA, Pruett TL, Hahn YS. Chronically inflamed livers up-regulate expression of inhibitory B7
family members. Hepatology 2009;50:1625-37.
26. Ye B, Liu X, Li X, Kong H, Tian L, Chen Y. T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical
significance. Cell Death Dis 2015;6:e1694.
27. Boonstra A, Woltman AM, Janssen HL. Immunology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
2008;22:1049-61.
28. Nishida N, Kudo M. Role of immune checkpoint blockade in the treatment for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis 2017;35:618-22.
29. Mellman I, Coukos G, Dranoff G. Cancer immunotherapy comes of age. Nature 2011;480:480.
30. Liu D, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Immune-based therapy clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Cell Immunol 2015;6:376.