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Bale et al. Hepatoma Res 2023;9:44 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2023.71 Page 5 of 13

Table 1. Outcomes of conventional US- and CT-guided percutaneous thermal ablation of iCCA
Tumor size
Author (Year) Technique n Diagnosis (cm) Median OS OS 3 OS Major LTPFS / PFS
1 yr yr
Median/Range; OS
5 yr Complications / LR
Mean/SD
RFA
[39]
Chu et al. (2021) percutaneous 40 Recurrent 1.5 (0.6-4.4) 27 mo 67% 36% 18% 4.7% N/A
US-guided iCCA
RFA
[40]
Kim et al. (2011) percutaneous 20 Recurrent 1.5 (0.7-4.4) 27 mo 70% 60% 21% 7% median LTPFS
US-guided iCCA (2 yr) (4yr) 40 mo
RFA
Kim et al. (2011) [41] percutaneous 13 Unresectable 3.2 (0.9-8) 39 mo 85% 51% 15% 6% median LTPFS
US-guided iCCA 32 mo
RFA (Primary)
Carrafiello et al. percutaneous 6 Unresectable 3.5 (1-5.8) 20 mo N/A N/A N/A 0% N/A
[42]
(2010) US-guided iCCA
RFA (Primary)
[28
Brandi et al. (2020) percutaneous 29 Unresectable 1.8 (0.5-4.8) 28 mo 89% 45% 11% 7% median LTPFS
]
US-guided iCCA (2 yr) (4yr) 9 mo
RFA (Primary)
Butros et al. (2014) [43 percutaneous 7 Unresectable 2.4 (1.3-3.3) 39 mo 85% 100% 60% 20% median LTPFS
]
US/CT- and recurrent 36 mo
guided RFA iCCA
MWA
Yu et al. (2011) [44] percutaneous 15 Unresectable 3.2 ± 1.9 (1.3-9.9 ) 10 mo 60% 60% N/A 20% N/A
US-guided iCCA (2 yr)
MWA (Primary)
[48]
Zhang et al. (2018) percutaneous 107 Unresectable/ < 5 28 mo 94% 40% 8% 2.8% median LTPFS
US-guided Recurrent 9 mo
MWA iCCA
Ni et al. (2019) [46] percutaneous 78 Unresectable 3.1 ± 0.7 (0.8-50) N/A 90% 52% 35% 3.8% LTPFS 1,3,5 yr:
US-guided iCCA 79%,20%,0%
MWA (Primary)
Yang et al. (2021) [47] percutaneous 55 Unresectable 3.1 ± 0.7 (0.8-5.0) N/A 87% 51% 35% 3.8% LTPFS 1,3,5 yr:
US-guided iCCA 69%,57%,57%
MWA (Primary)
[45
Wang et al. (2022) percutaneous 29 Unresectable 0.5-8.1 cm 18 mo N/A N/A N/A N/A median LTPFS
]
US-guided iCCA 18 mo
MWA (Primary)
MWA vs.
RFA
Giorgio et al. (2019) [ percutaneous 35 Unresectable 3.6 (2.2-7.2 ) N/A 95% 75% 68% 0% PFS 1,3,5 yr:
49]
US-guided iCCA 79%, 59%,
MWA (Primary) 55%
percutaneous 36 Unresectable 3.1 (2-8 ) N/A 86% 53% 26% 0% PFS 1,3,5 yr:
US-guided iCCA 9%, 51%, 8.5%
RFA (Primary)
Ablation vs.
HR
Xu et al. (2019) [51] percutaneous 56 Recurrent 2.7 ± 0.5 (0.8-5.0) 31 mo 81% 42% 24% 5.3% N/A
US-guided iCCA
MWA
SR 65 Recurrent 2.8 ± 0.4 (1.0-5.0) 29 mo 77% 36% 22% 13.8% N/A
iCCA
[50
Zhang et al. (2013) percutaneous 77 Recurrent > 3 (44%) max 5 21 mo 70% 21% 0% 3.9% N/A
]
US-guided iCCA
MWA/ RFA
HR 32 Recurrent > 3 (32%) max 6.7 20 mo 84% 17% 0% 46.9% N/A
iCCA
[29
Xiang et al. (2020) percutaneous 34 Resectable 3.2 (2.5-4) 39 mo 90% 42% 24% N/A N/A
]
US-guided iCCA