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Page 12 of 15 Li et al. Complex Eng Syst 2023;3:1 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ces.2022.46

Table 2. Compare multiple time scale management
Length of time Advantage Disadvantage
Long time One day or more than Take into account more aspects, and reduce the pressure of real- Limited time domain selection
scale 24 h time adjustment
Short time Not sure (hours, minutes) Smaller error, more accurate Not in time
scale
real-time Within a minute, a few The response is faster and timelier The control is complex and error-
seconds prone

Table 3. The case of current operation
Country Harbor Load RES
[40]
Denmark Copenhagen E = 38 MWh/day PV (200 KW)
P max = 5.2 MW WT (4.95 MW)
[39]
Greece Mytilene E = 22 MWh/day PV (5 MW)
P max = 900 kW WT (6 MW)
[36]
USA Long Beach E = 150-200 MWh/day PV, WT
P max = 140 MW
[38]
Spain Cartagena E = 314 MWh/day PV (until 9.7 MW)
P max = 13.1 MW WT (onshore: 36.3 MW; Offshore: 16 MW)
Singapore Jurong port E = 200 MWh/day PV, WT

Company affiliated with the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, jointly developed, constructed
and operated the world’s first offshore floating photovoltaic power station (Bellini,8.5 kW modular PV
system). It has been in operation since November 2019 and has successfully withstood multiple storms. The
pilot program aims to expand to 50 KWp in the short term and will be tested for a year . Table 3 shows
[63]
some existing examples of WT and PV generation at some ports.

7. CONCLUSIONS
The development of floating technology and renewable energy generation technology has solved the
problem of port energy shortage. However, the floating technology is greatly affected by wind and waves,
and the floating power generation platform only stays near the port. Port load capacity is large, and energy
management is complex. Flotsam and energy management strategies suitable for ports are being explored.
Future renewable energy generation at ports will involve deep sea areas, and thus the use of offshore wind
power and energy management will need to be more coordinated. This paper reviews the current utilization
of renewable energy and intelligent control strategies of smart seaports. In the future, efficient control
strategies of smart seaports will be used to improve energy conversion efficiency and build clean ports.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the Intelligent Electrical Science and Technology Research Institute, Northeastern
University (China), for providing technical support for this research.

Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study: Li G, Wang T, Zhou B
Provided administrative, technical, and material support: Xiao Z, Yan S, Liu B

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.