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Figure 3. Drug-adapted cancer cell lines enable the identification of candidate biomarkers that enable the early detection of resistance
formation and, in combination with drug screens and functional genomics approaches, the selection of effective next-line therapies

In conclusion, drug-adapted cancer cell lines reflect clinically relevant acquired drug resistance mechanisms
and represent a preclinical model system in their own right, which is complementary to other preclinical
models and clinical specimens. Drug-adapted cancer cell lines enable systems level studies and the direct
comparison of different therapies in the same system that cannot be performed in the clinics. Hence,
drug-adapted cancer cell lines offer potential for the identification of biomarkers that indicate resistance
formation and, ideally, effective next-line therapies [Figure 3]. Many drug-adapted cancer cell lines will be
needed to cover the complexity of the mechanisms underlying resistance formation.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Contributed to the writing and revision of the article and read and approved the final version.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019.

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