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Page 127 Mari et al. Art Int Surg 2022;2:122-31 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2022.12

Furthermore, all these facilities could contribute to reducing the rate of female surgeons who abandon their
[90]
training and profession because of difficulties due to gender disparity and discrimination .
However, there are some open issues in the everyday application of AI in training and education in surgery.
Potential disadvantages of routine employment of AI in surgical training are high costs and technical
requirements . Obstacles to the implementation of telementoring include poor video signal due to
[91]
bandwidth or latency, loss of transmission, and poor audio quality . Furthermore, hospital licensing and
[92]
credentialing might be required, creating an additional limitation to the introduction of AI in surgical
[83]
training .
Furthermore, AI is based on enormous datasets, so the management and cybersecurity of personal data is a
[93]
critical issue for the application of AI . Finally, there are ethical problems related to AI application in
surgical training . For instance, there might be an ethical issue related to the responsibility of the surgeon
[93]
[77]
who operates and teaches from a distant location, possibly in another country, thanks to telementoring .
CONCLUSION
AIS permits remote training and telementoring and could improve female surgeons’ education worldwide.
AI could contribute to breaking down gender disparity in surgical training, and, consequently, it could
encourage women to choose a surgical career. Many surgical tools have been created and tested on male
surgeons (especially laparoscopic instruments and staplers) [94-96] ; future studies should develop instruments
considering gender differences. The development of systematic AI-based training and education programs
could encourage women to choose a surgical career and help break down gender disparity during surgical
training.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Study concept and design: Ferrari L, Mari V
Drafting of manuscript: Mari V
Critical revision: Ferrari L, Spolverato G

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.